Gene
synthesis replicates a gene or gene sequence from one organism to another. The
term describes the processes employed for both productions of a genetic
sequence and subsequent integration of newly synthesized DNA into an organism's
genome. Molecular biology lab services generate artificial genes or gene
fragments directly from synthetic DNA. The fragment of DNA is then integrated
at a specific site in the host genome by homologous recombination.
Gene synthesis is used in both basic research and applied molecular
biology research. Synthetic genes are used in developing new medicines, such as
synthetic vaccines. They can also be used to study mechanisms of protein
function or to facilitate research on a related species. Gene synthesis is
performed by several methods, the most common of which are:
1. In vitro recombination.
The insertion or deletion of genetic fragments into a host cell's DNA using
microinjection and electroporation. This method can integrate recombinant DNA
into animal or plant genomes. It is also used to generate transgenic animals
and plants, as in the case of livestock breeds.
2. Microinjection.
The introduction of foreign DNA into cells using a small needle inserted into
the cell's nucleus through an artificial membrane and pulled out through
another artificial membrane.
3. Electroporation.
Introducing foreign DNA by insertion into a cell by electroporation involves
forcing a small electrical current through a small needle inserted through the
cell's membrane and then taking it out the other side. This method introduces
transgenes into animal or plant cells and can be combined with gene transfer
techniques.
4. Homologous recombination.
The integration of a gene sequence into a host genome by the action of
homologous recombination is similar to the process by which chromosome
crossover occurs. Homologous recombination involves the joining or recombining
of DNA from two different sources. It is often used to transfer foreign genes
into organisms through microinjection and electroporation.
Gene synthesis has been an essential part of molecular genetics's application
in basic and applied research. One can use it to study protein structure,
develop new pharmaceutical drugs, and create transgenic animals and plants.
Gene synthesis has been used in agronomic research to improve yields, increase
water and nutrient content, or introduce pest resistance.
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